第76章 對火星軌道變化問題的最後解釋
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第76章 對火星軌道變化問題的最後解釋
作者君在作品相關中已經解釋過這個問題,並在此列出相關參考文獻中的一篇開源論文。
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long-term integrations and stability of planetary orbits in our so1nove.comt
we present the results of very long-tererical integrations of planetary orbita9 -yr time-spans including all nine planets. a quick inspection of our numerical data shootion, at least in our siical s to be quite stable even over this very long time-span. a closer look at the lowest-frequency oscillations using a low-pass filter shows us the potentially diffusive character of terrestrial planetary motion, especially that of mercury. the 101nove.coercury in our integrations is qualitatively similar to the results from jacques 39;s secular perturbation theory (e.g. emax 0.35 over ± 4 gyr). however, there are no apparent secular increases of eccentricity or inclination in any orbital elements of the planets, ay be revealed by still longer-tererical integrations. ed a couple of trial integrations including motions of the outer five planets over the duration of ± 5 x 1010 yr. the result indicates that the three major resonances in the neptune–pluto systeaintained over the 1011-yr tition
1.1definition of the problem
the question of the stability of our solar system has been debated over several hundred years, since the era of ne has attracted ous aticians over the years and has played a central role in the development of non-linear dynamics and chaos theory. however, we do not yet have a definite answer to the question of is stable or not. this is partly a result of the fact that the definition of the term ‘stability’ is vague when it is used in relation to the probleotion in the solar system. actually it is not easy to give a clear, rigorous and physically meaningful definition of the stability of our solar systeong many definitions of stability, here we adopt the hill definition (gladman 1993): actually this is not a definition of stabi1nove.coing unsta101nove.comlose encounter occurs so a certain initial configuration (chambers, p; boss 1996; ito & tanika is defined as experiencing a close encounter when two 101nove.comh one another within an area of the larger hill radius. other is defined as 101nove.comeforward we state that our planetary systeica1nove.comlose encounter happens during the age of our so1nove.comidentally, this definition ed 101nove.comh an occurrence of any or101nove.comrossing between either of a pair of planets takes place. this is because experience that an or101nove.comrossing is very likely to lead to a close encounter in planetary and protoplanetary systems (yoshinaga, kokubo &aakino 1999). of course this stateply applied to systees such as the neptune–pluto system.
1.2previous studies and aims of this research
in addition to the vagueness of the concept of stability, the planets in our solar systean & 1988, 1992). the cause of this chaotic behaviour is now partly understood as being a result of resonance overlapping (p; holman 1999; lecar, frank01). however, it would require integrating over an ensemble of planetary systems including all nine planets for a period covering severa gyr to thoroughly understand the long-term evolution of p1nove.coical systems are characterized by their strong dependence on initial conditions.
from that point of vieany of the previous long-tererical integrations included only the outer five planets (sussp; 1988; kinoshita & nakai 1996). this is because the orbital periods of the outer planets are so much longer than those of the inner four planets that it is much easier to follo for a given integration period. at present, the longest numerical integrations published in journals are those of duncan & lissauer (1998). although their main target ain-sequence solar mass loss on the stability of planetary orbits, they perforany integrations covering up to 1011 yr of the orbital motions of the four jovian planets. the initial orbital eleasses of planets are the same as those of our solar systep; 39;s paper, 101nove.coass of the sun gradually in their nuents. this is because they consider the effect of post-ass loss in the paper. consequently, they found that the crossing tih can 101nove.comal indicator of the insta101nove.comale, is quite sensitive to the rate of mass decrease of the sun. ass of the sun is close to its present value, the jovian planets remain stab10 yr, or perhaps longer. duncan & lissauer also perforilar experiotion of seven planets (venus to neptune), which cover a span of 109 yr. their experiments on the seven planets are not yet comprehensive, but it seems that the terrestrial planets also remain stable during the integration period, ost regular oscillations.
on the other hand, in his accurate semi-analytical secular perturbation theory (laskar 1988), laskar finds that large and irregular variations can appear in the eccentricities and inclinations of the terrestrial planets, especially of ars on a time-sca9 yr (laskar 1996). the resu39;s secular perturbation theory shou1nove.coed and investigated 101nove.comal integrations.
in this paper inary results of six long-tererical integrations on all nine p1nove.comovering a span of severa9 yr, and of two other integrations covering a span of ± 5 x 1010 yr. the total elapsed time for all integrations is more than 5 yr, using several dedicated pcs and ental conclusions of our long-term integrations is that solar systeotion seems to be stable in terms of the hill stability mentioned above, at least over a time-span of ± 4 gyr. actually, in our numerical integrations the system ore stable than what is defined by the hi1nove.comriterion: not only did no close encounter happen during the integration period, but also all the planetary orbita1nove.comonfined in a narroe and frequency domain, though planetary motions are stochastic. since the purpose of this paper is to exhibit and overvie numerical integrations, ple figures as evidence of the very long-term stability of solar systeotion. for readers ore specific and deeper interests in our numerical results, we have prepared a we101nove.comcess ), ents, their low-pass filtered results, variation of delaunay eleo deficit, and results of our sie–frequency analysis on all of our integrations.<101nove.coodel, nuethod and initial conditions used in our integrations. section 3 is devoted to a description of the quick results of the numerical integrations. very long-term stability of solar systeotion is apparent both in planetary positions and orbital eleation of numerical errors is also given. section 4 goes on to a discussion of the longest-term variation of planetary orbits using a low-pass filter and includes a discussion of angular entum deficit. in section 5, erical integrations for the outer five planets that spans ± 5 x 1010 yr. in section 6 stability of the planetary motion and its possi101nove.coription of the numerical integrations
(本部分涉及比較複雜的積分計算,作者君就不貼上來了,貼上來了起點也不一定能成功顯示。)<101nove.cotic ain integration p; holman 1991; kinoshita, yoshida & nakai 1991) with a special start-up procedure to reduce the truncation error of angle variables,‘ start’(saha &aaine 1992, 1994).
the stepsize for the numerical integrations is 8 d throughout all integrations of the nine planets (n±1,2,3), which is about 1/11 of the orbital period of the innerercury). as for the determination of stepsize, we partly folloerical integration of all nine planets in sussp; (1988, 7.2 d) and saha &aaine (1994, 225/32 d). al part of the their stepsizes to 8 to ultiple of 2 in order to reduce the accumulation of round-off error in the computation processes. in relation to this, &aan (1991) perforerical integrations of the outer five planetary orbits using the syap with a stepsize of 400 d, 1/10.83 of the orbital period of jupiter. their resu1nove.comcurate enough, ethod of determining the stepsize. however, since the eccentricity of jupiter (0.05) is aller than that of mercury (0.2), e care pare these integrations sis of stepsizes.
in the integration of the outer five planets (f±), we fixed the stepsize at 400 d.
we adopt gauss' f and g functions in the syap together ethod (danby 1992) as a solver for kepler equations. the nuaxi iterations ethod is 15, 101nove.coaxi in any of our integrations.
the interval of the data output is 200 000 d (547 yr) for the calculations of all nine planets (n±1,2,3), and about 8000 000 d (21 903 yr) for the integration of the outer five planets (f±).
although no output filtering erical integrations were in process, we applied a low-pass filter to the rapleted all the calculations. see section 4.1 for more detail.
2.4 error estimation
2.4.1 relative errors in total energy and angu1nove.comcording to one of the 101nove.coplectic integrators, which conserve the physically conservative quantities well (total orbital energy and angular entu numerical integrations seeed all errors. the averaged relative errors of tota9) and of total angu11) have remained nearly constant throughout the integration period (fig. 1). the special startup procedure, start, would have reduced the averaged relative error in total energy by about one order of ore.
<101nove.comal error of the total angu and the tota in our numerical integrationsn± 1,2,3, where δe and δa are the a101nove.comhange of the total energy and total angular entum, respectiveanda0are their initial values. the horizontal unit is gyr.
note that different operating systeathematical libraries, and different hardware architectures result in different numerical errors, through the variations in round-off error handling and nus. in the upper panel of fig. 1, we can recognize this situation in the secular numerical error in the total angular entum, which should be rigorously preserved up to machine-e precision.
2.4.2 error in planetary 1nove.coplectic maps preserve total energy and total angu1nove.cos inherently well, the degree of their preservation easure of the accuracy of numerical integrations, especially as a measure of the positional error of planets, i.e. the error in planetary longitudes. to estierical error in the planetary longitudes, ed the follopared the result of our integrations e test integrations, uch shorter periods 101nove.comh higher accuracy than the main integrations. for this purpose, ed a ore accurate integration with a stepsize of 0.125 d (1/64 of the main integrations) spanning 3 x 105 yr, starting e initial conditions as in the n1 integration. we consider that this test integration provides us with a ‘pseudo-true’ solution of planetary orbital evolution. next, pare the test integration ain integration, n1. for the period of 3 x 105 yr, ean anomalies of the earth between the two integrations of 0.52°(in the case of the n1 integration). this difference can be extrapolated to the va0°, about 25 rotations of earth after 5 gyr, since the error of longitudes increases linearly e in the syap. similarly, the longitude error of pluto can be estimated as 12°. this value for pluto is much better than the result in kinoshita & nakai (1996) ated as 60°.<101nove.comal results – i. glance at the raw data<101nove.comtion stability of planetary orbital e snapshots of raerical data. the orbital motion of planets indicates long-term stability in all of our numerical integrations: no or101nove.comrossings nor close encounters between any pair of planets took p1nove.comription of the stability of planetary orbits
first, we briefly look at the general character of the long-term stability of planetary orbits. our interest here focuses particularly on the inner four terrestrial planets for e-scales are much shorter than those of the outer five planets. as the p1nove.comonfigurations shown in figs 2 and 3, orbital positions of the terrestrial planets differ little between the initial and final part of each numerical integration, which spans several gyr. the solid lines denoting the present orbits of the planets lie almost of dots even in the final part of integrations (b) and (d). this indicates that throughout the entire integration period the almost regular variations of planetary orbital ain nearly the same as they are at present.<101nove.comal view of the four inner planetary orbits (from the z -axis direction) at the initial and final parts of the integrationsn±1. the axes units are au. the xy -plane is set to the invariant plane of solar systeo.(a) the initia to 0.0547 x 10 9 yr).(b) the final part ofn+1 ( t = 4.9339 x 10 8 to 4.9886 x 10 9 yr).(c) the initia to 0.0547 x 109 yr).(d) the final part ofn1 ( t =.9727 x 10 9 yr). in each panel, a total of 23 684 points are plotted with an interva yr over 5.47 x 107 yr . solid lines in each panel denote the present orbits of the four terrestrial planets (taken from de245).
the variation of eccentricities and or101nove.comlinations for the inner four planets in the initial and final part of the integration n+1 is shown in fig. 4. as expected, the character of the variation of planetary orbital elements does not differ significantly between the initial and final part of each integration, at least for venus, earth and ents of mercury, especially its eccentricity, seem to change to a significant extent. this is part1nove.comale of the planet is the shortest of all the planets, ore rapid orbital evolution than other planets; the inneray be nearest to instability. this result appears to be in soent with 39;s (1994, 1996) expectations that large and irregular variations appear in the eccentricities and inclinations of e-sca9 yr. however, the effect of the possible instabi1nove.coay not fatally affect the global stability of the oall ercury. ention briefly the long-term orbital evolution of mercury later in section 4 using loents.
the orbital motion of the outer five planets seems rigorously stable and quite regular over this time-span (see also section 5).
3.2 tiaps
although the planetary motion exhibits very long-term stability defined as the non-existence of close encounter events, the chaotic nature of planetary dynamics can change the oscillatory period and amplitude of planetary orbital motion gradually over such long time-spans. even such slight fluctuations of orbital variation in the frequency domain, particularly in the case of earth, can potentially have a significant effect on its surface cli through solar insolation variation (cf. berger 1988).
to give an overvie change in periodicity in planetary orbital any fast fourier transformations (ffts) along the time axis, and superposed the resulting periodgrae–frequency maps. the specific approach to drae–frequency maps in this paper is very siuch simpler than the wavelet ana) frequency analysis.
divide the low-pass filtered orbital data into ents of the same length. the length of each data segultiple of 2 in order to app1nove.coent of the data has a large overlapping part: for example, t=ti and ends at t=ti+t, the next data seg ti+δt≤ti+δt+t, where δt?t. we continue this division unti1nove.comh tn+t reaches the total integration length.
we apply an fft to each of the data fragments, and o101nove.cos.<101nove.co obtained above, the strength of periodicity can 101nove.coale (or co1nove.coent, and connect all the grey-scale (or colour) charts into one graph for each integration. the horizontal axis of these nee, i.e. the starting tient of data (ti, where i= 1,…, n). the vertical axis represents the period (or frequency) of the oscillation of orbital elements.
we have adopted an fft because of its overing speed, since the aerica1nove.coposed into frequency components is terribly huge (several tens of gbytes).<101nove.cople of the tiap created 101nove.comedures is sho as fig. 5, which shows the variation of periodicity in the eccentricity and inclination of earth in n+2 integration. in fig. 5, the dark area shoe indicated by the value on the abscissa, the periodicity indicated by the ordinate is stronger than in the lighter area around it. this map that the periodicity of the eccentricity and inclination of earth only changes slightly over the entire period covered by the n+2 integration. this nearly regular trend is qualitatively the same in other integrations and for other planets, although typical frequencies differ planet by planet and eleent.
4.2 long-term exchange of orbital energy and angu1nove.comalculate very long-periodic variation and exchange of planetary orbital energy and angular entum using filtered delaunay elements l, g, h. g and h are equivalent to the planetary orbital angular entuponent per unit mass. l is related to the planetary orbital energy e per unit mass as e=μ2/2l2. if the systepletely linear, the orbital energy and the angular entum in each frequency 101nove.comonstant. non-linearity in the planetary system can cause an exchange of energy and angular entuain. the amplitude of the lowest-frequency oscillation should increase if the system is unstable and breaks down gradually. hoptom of instability is not prominent in our long-term integrations.
in fig. 7, the total orbital energy and angular entum of the four inner planets and all nine planets are shown for integration n+2. the upper three panels show the long-periodic variation of total energy (denoted ase- e0), total angu), and the vertica) of the inner four planets calculated from the , g0, h0 denote the initial values of each quantity. the a101nove.co the initial values is plotted in the panels. the lower three panels in each figure showe-e0,g-g0 andh-h0 of the total of nine planets. the fluctuation shown in the lower panels is virtually entirely a result of the massive jovian p1nove.coparing the variations of energy and angular entum of the inner four planets and all nine planets, it is apparent that the amplitudes of those of the inner planets are aller than those of all nine planets: the amplitudes of the outer five planets are much larger than those of the inner planets. this does not mean that the inner terrestrial planetary subsysteore stable than the outer one: this is simply a result of the relative sasses of the four terrestrial planets compared with those of the outer jovian planets. another thing we notice is that the inner p1nove.coe unstable more rapidly than the outer one because of its shorter or101nove.comales. this can be seen in the panels denoted asinner 4 in fig. 7 where the longer-periodic and irregular oscillations are more apparent than in the panels denoted astotal 9. actually, the fluctuations in theinner 4 panels are to a large extent as a result of the orbital variation of the mercury. however, we cannot neglect the contribution from other terrestrial planets, as we wi1nove.comtions.
<101nove.comoupling of several neighbouring planet pairs
let us see some individual variations of planetary orbital energy and angular entum expressed by the and 11 sho evo1nove.comh planet and the angular entum in n+1 and n2 integrations. e planets form apparent pairs in terms of orbital energy and angular entum exchange. in particular, venus and earth make a typical pair. in the figures, they show negative correlations in exchange of energy and positive correlations in exchange of angular entum. the negative correlation in exchange of orbital energy means that the t a closed dyna in terms of the orbital energy. the positive correlation in exchange of angular entueans that the tultaneously under certain 1nove.comandidates for perturbers are jupiter and saturn. also in fig. 11, ars shows a positive correlation in the angular entum variation to the venus–earth systeercury exhi101nove.comertain negative correlations in the angular entum versus the venus–earth systetion caused 101nove.comonservation of angular entum in the terrestrial planetary subsystelear at the ent why the venus–earth pair exhi101nove.comorrelation in energy exchange and a positive correlation in angular entum exchange. ay possibly explain this through observing the general fact that there are no secular terimajor axes up to second-order pertur101nove.colemence 1961; boccaletti & pucacco 1998). this means that the p1nove.comh is directly related to the seajor axis a) h less affected by perturbing planets than is the angular entum exchange (which relates to e). hence, the eccentricities of venus and earth can be disturbed easily by jupiter and saturn, which results in a positive correlation in the angular entum exchange. on the other hand, the seajor axes of venus and earth are less likely to be disturbed by the jovian planets. thus the energy exchange ited only within the venus–earth pair, which results in a negative correlation in the exchange of orbital energy in the pair.
as for the outer jovian planetary subsystem, jupiter–saturn and uranus–neptune seeake dynamical pairs. however, the strength of their coupling is not as strong compared with that of the venus–earth pair.
5 ± 5 x 1010-yr integrations of outer p1nove.come the jovian planetary uch larger than the terrestrial planetary masses, we treat the jovian planetary system as an independent planetary systes of the study of its dynae, we added a couple of trial integrations that span ± 5 x 1010 yr, including only the outer five planets (the four jovian planets plus pluto). the results exhibit the rigorous stability of the outer planetary systeonfigurations (fig. 12), and variation of eccentricities and inclinations (fig. 13) sho stability of the outer five planets in both the time and the frequency domains. although aps here, the typical frequency of the or101nove.comillation of pluto and the other outer planets is almost constant during these very long-term integration periods, onstrated in the tiaps on our webpage.
in these two integrations, the relative numerical error in the tota6 and that of the total angu10.
<101nove.comes in the neptune–pluto system
kinoshita & nakai (1996) integrated the outer five planetary orbits over ± 5.5 x 109 yr . they found that four major resonances betaintained during the whole integration period, and that the resonances auses of the stability of the orbit of pluto. the major four resonances found in previous research are as follows. in the folloean longitude,Ω is the longitude of the ascending node and?is the longitude of perihelion. subscripts p and n denote pluto and neptune.
otion resonance between neptune and pluto (3:2). the critical argument θ1= 3 λp 2 λnp ° p° and a libration period of about 2 x 104 yr.
the argument of perihelion of pluto wp=θ2=pΩp ° with a period of about 3.8 x 106 yr. the dominant periodic variations of the eccentricity and inclination of pluto are synchronized ent of perihelion. this is anticipated in the secu1nove.comonstructed by kozai (1962).
the longitude of the node of pluto referred to the longitude of the node of neptune,θ3=ΩpΩn, circulates and the period of this circulation is equal to the period of θ2 libration. es zero, i.e. the longitudes of ascending nodes of neptune and pluto overlap, the inclination of pluto becoaxi, the eccentricity becoini and the argument of perihe°. es 180°, the inclination of pluto becoini, the eccentricity becoaxi and the argument of perihe° again. s &aipated this type of resonance, later confiri1nove.comarpino (1989).
an argument θ4=pn+ 3 (ΩpΩn) ° with a long period, 5.7 x 108 yr.
<101nove.comal integrations, the resonances (i)–(iii) are aintained, and variation of the critical arguain similar during the whole integration period (figs 14–16 ). however, the fourth resonance (iv) appears to 101nove.coent θ4 a1nove.coe-scale (fig. 17). this is an interesting fact that kinoshita & nakai's (1995, 1996) shorter integrations were not a101nove.coussion<101nove.coechanisaintains this long-term stability of the planetary systeediately think of tajor features that may be responsible for the long-term stability. first, there seeant loean motion and secular) betong the nine planets. jupiter and saturn are close to a 5:2 otion resonance (the famous ‘great inequality’), but not just in the resonance zone. higher-order resonances may cause the chaotic nature of the planetary dynaotion, but they are not so strong as to destroy the stable planetary motion e of the real solar system. the second feature, ore important for the long-term stability of our planetary system, is the difference in dynamical distance between terrestrial and jovian planetary subsystep; tanikaeasure planetary separations by the mutual hill radii (r_), separations among terrestrial planets are greater than 26rh, ong jovian planets are less than 14rh. this difference is directly related to the difference 101nove.comal features of terrestrial and jovian planets. terrestrial planets have sasses, shorter or101nove.comal separation. they are strongly perturbed by jovian planets that have larger masses, longer orbital periods and narroical separation. jovian planets are not perturbed by any other massive bodies.
the present terrestrial planetary system is still being disturbed by the massive jovian planets. houtual interaction among the terrestrial planets renders the distur101nove.come ineffective; the degree of distur101nove.come by jovian planets is o(ej)(order of magnitude of the eccentricity of jupiter), since the distur101nove.come caused by jovian planets is a forced oscillation having an amplitude of o(ej). heightening of eccentricity, for exa sufficient to provoke instability in the terrestrial planets having such a wide separation as 26rh. thus e that the present ical separation among terrestrial planets (> 26rh) is probably one of the most significant conditions for maintaining the stability of the planetary systee-span. our detailed analysis of the re1nove.comal distance between planets and the insta101nove.co planetary motion is now on-going.
although our numerical integrations span the lifeti, the number of integrations is far from sufficient to fill the initial phase space. it is necessary to perforore and erical integrations to confirine in detail the long-term stability of our planetary dynamics.
——以上文段引自 ito, t.& tanika integrations and stability of planetary orbits in our solar systeon. not. r. astron. soc. –500 (2002)
這隻是作者君參考的一篇文章,關於太陽係的穩定性。
還有其他論文,不過也都是英文的,相關課題的中文文獻很少,那些論文下載一篇要九美元(《nature》真是暴利),作者君寫這篇文章的時候已經回家,不在檢測中心,所以沒有數據庫的使用權,下不起,就不貼上來了。
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